Reported Speech چیست؟

Reported Speech یعنی گفتار کسی را غیرمستقیم نقل کنیم بدون اینکه دقیقاً کلمات او را تکرار کنیم.

Direct Speech = نقل‌قول مستقیم

Reported Speech = نقل‌قول غیرمستقیم

مثال:

Direct:

He said, “I am tired.”

Reported:

He said that he was tired.

1. تغییر زمان‌ها (Tense Changes)

وقتی از نقل‌قول مستقیم به غیرمستقیم می‌رویم، معمولاً زمان جمله یک مرحله عقب می‌رود.

Present → Past

Past → Past Perfect

Will → Would

Can → Could

May → Might

مثال‌ها:

Present Simple → Past Simple

“I am happy.”

→ He said he was happy.

Present Continuous → Past Continuous

“I am working.”

→ She said she was working.

Present Perfect → Past Perfect

“I have finished.”

→ He said he had finished.

Past Simple → Past Perfect

“I bought a car.”

→ She said she had bought a car.

Will → Would

“I will call you.”

→ He said he would call me.

2. تغییر ضمایر (Pronoun Changes)

ضمیرها بسته به گوینده و شنونده تغییر می‌کنند.

“I am tired,” she said.

→ She said she was tired.

“I will help you,” John said to me.

→ John told me that he would help me.

3. تغییر قیدهای زمان و مکان

قیدهایی مثل “today” ،“tomorrow” ،“here” تغییر می‌کنند.

مثال‌ها:

“I will see you tomorrow.”

→ He said he would see me the next day.

“She is working here.”

→ She said she was working there.

4. ساختارهای پایه

1) Reporting Verb + that + sentence

He said that he was busy.

(that اختیاری است)

2) tell + objects

He told me that he was busy.

(not “He told that …”)

5. Reported Questions (سؤال‌ها)

ساختار سوالی به شکل جمله معمولی تبدیل می‌شود و ترتیب کلمات تغییر می‌کند.

a) Yes/No questions

از if/whether استفاده می‌کنیم.

Direct:

“Do you like coffee?”

Reported:

He asked if I liked coffee.

b) Wh- questions

Wh-word را نگه می‌داریم، جمله را خبری می‌کنیم.

Direct:

“Where do you live?”

Reported:

He asked where I lived.

(دیگر “do” نمی‌آید.)

6. Reported Commands / Orders (دستورات)

از “to + verb” یا “not to + verb” استفاده می‌کنیم.

“Sit down!”

→ He told me to sit down.

“Don’t touch that!”

→ She told me not to touch that.

7. Reported Requests (درخواست‌ها)

از asked + object + to استفاده می‌شود.

“Please help me.”

→ She asked me to help her.

8. مواردی که زمان‌ها عقب نمی‌روند

اگر جمله درباره حقیقت ثابت یا حقایق علمی باشد، زمان تغییر نمی‌کند.

“The Earth goes around the Sun.”

→ He said that the Earth goes around the Sun.

(نه goes → went)

9. خلاصهٔ سریع و کاربردی

1. زمان‌ها یک مرحله عقب می‌روند.

2. ضمایر با توجه به گوینده تغییر می‌کنند.

3. today → that day / tomorrow → next day

4. سوال‌ها:

   • Yes/No: if / whether

   • Wh: همان wh + ترتیب جمله خبری

5. دستور: told/asked + (not) to

6. حقایق علمی زمانش تغییر نمی‌کند.

10. چند مثال سطح‌بالا (برای مکالمه و آزمون‌ها)

Direct:

“I can’t come because I’m sick.”

Reported:

He said that he couldn’t come because he was sick.

Direct:

“Will you help me tomorrow?”

Reported:

She asked if I would help her the next day.

Direct:

“Don’t be late!”

Reported:

He told me not to be late.